考试日期

2019年10月26日

Reading Passage 1

Title

Copy your neighbor

Question types

Matching information  5题

TRUE/ FALSE/ NOT GIVEN  6题

Multiple choice  2题

文章内容回顾

Questions 1-5 Matching information

1. Criticism against flight height theory of butterfly. --E

2. Explained why Beccaloni carried out research in Ecuador.--B

3. Different mimicry ring flies at different height.--G

4. The method of catching butterfly by Beccaloni.--F

5. Not all Mimicry patterns are toxic information sent out from insects.--D

Questions 6-11 TRUE/ FALSE/ NOT GIVEN

6. All butterflies’ colours of wings reflect the sense of warning to other predators.-- FALSE

7. Insects may imitate butterflies’ wing pattern as well.--TRUE

8. Flying Altitude of butterfly is determined by their food.-- NOT GIVEN

9. Beccaloni agreed with flight height hypothesis and decided to reassure its validity.-- FALSE

10. Jatun Sacha has the richest diversity of breeds in the world.-- NOT GIVEN

11. Beccaloni has more detailed records on the location of butterfly collection than others.-- TRUE

Questions 12-13 Multiple choice

12. Which is correct about butterflies’ flight altitude?--D

A. Flight height theory already established.

B. Butterfly always flies at a certain height.

C. It is like the airplane’s flying phenomenon.

D. Each butterfly has its own favorable height.

13. Which is correct about Beccaloni next investigation after flight height?--B

A. Some certain statistics have already been collected.

B. Try to find connections between larval height and adult ones.

C. It’s very difficult to raise butterfly larval.

D. Different larval favors different kinds of trees.

相关英文原文阅读

A

There’s no animal that symbolises rainforest diversity quite as spectacularly as the tropical butterfly. Anyone lucky enough to see these creatures flitting between patches of sunlight cannot fail to be impressed by the variety of their patterns. But why do they display such colourful exuberance? Until recently, this was almost as pertinent a question as it had been when the 19th-century naturalists, armed only with butterfly nets and insatiable curiosity, battled through the rainforests. These early explorers soon realised that although some of the bright colours are there to attract a male, others are warning signals.

They send out a message to any predators: “Keep off, we're poisonous.” And because wearing certain patterns affords protection, other species copy them. Biologists use the term “mimicry rings” for these clusters of impostors and their evolutionary idol.

B

But here’s the conundrum. “Classical mimicry theory says that only a single ring should be found in any one area, explains George Beccaloni of the Natural History Museum, London The idea is that in each locality there should be just the one pattern that best protects its wearers. Predators would quickly learn to avoid it and eventually all mimetic species in a region should converge upon it. "The fact that this is patently not the case has been one of the major problems in mimicry research,” says Beccaloni. In pursuit of a solution to the mystery of mimetic exuberance, Beccaloni set off for one of the megacentres for butterfly diversity, the point where the western edge of the Amazon basin meets the foothills of the Andes in Ecuador. “It' s exceptionally rich, but comparatively well collected, so I pretty much knew what was there, says Beccaloni, The trick was to work out how all the butterflies were organized and how this related to mimicry.”

C

Working at the Jatun Sacha Biological Research Station on The banks of the Rio Napo, Beccaloni focused his attention on a group of butterflies called ithomiines. These distant relatives of Britain’s Camberwell Beauty are abundant throughout Central and South America and the Caribbean. They are famous for their bright colours, toxic bodies and complex mimetic relationships. “They can comprise up to 85 per cent of the individuals in a mimicry ring and their patterns are mimicked not just by butterflies, but by other insects as diverse as damselflies and true bugs” says Philip DeVries of the Milwaukee Public Museum’s Center for Biodiversity Studies.

D

Even though all ithomiines are poisonous, it is in their interests to evolve to look like one another because predators that learn to avoid one species will also avoid others that resemble it. This is known as Miillerian Mimicry. Mimicry rings may also contain insects that are not toxic, but gain protection by looking likes a model species that is: an adaptation called Batesian mimicry. So strong is an experienced predator’s avoidance response that even quite inept resemblance gives some protection. "Often there will be a whole series of species that mimic, with varying degrees of verisimilitude, a focal or model species," says John Turner from the University of Leeds. "The results of these deceptions are some of the most exquisite examples of evolution known to science." In addition to colour, many mimics copy behaviours and even the flight pattern of their model species.

E

But why are there so many different mimicry rings? One idea is that species flying at the same height in the forest canopy evolve to look like one another. “It had been suggested since the 1970s that mimicry complexes were stratified by flight height,” says DeVries. The idea is that wing colour patterns are camouflaged against the different patterns of light and shadow at each level in the canopy, providing a first line of defence against predators.” But the light patterns and wing patterns don’t match very well, he says. And observations show that the insects do not shift in height as the day progresses and the light patterns change. Worse still, according to DeVries, this theory doesn’t explain why the model species is flying at that particular height in the first place.

F

“When I first went out to Ecuador, I didn’t believe the flight height hypothesis and set out to test it.” says Beccaloni. “A few weeks with the collecting net convinced me otherwise. They really Hew that way.” What he didn’t accept, however, was the explanation about light patterns. “I thought, if this idea really is true, and I can work out why, it could help explain why there are so many different warning patterns in any one place. Then we might finally understand how they could evolve in such a complex way “The job was finally understand how they could evolve in such a complex way.” The job was complicated by the sheer diversity of species involved at Jatun Sacha. Not only were there ithomiine butterfly species divided among eight mimicry rings, there were also other insect species, including 34 day-flying moths and a damselfly, all in a 200-hectare study area. Like many entomologists before him, Beccaloni used a large bag-like net to capture his prey. This allowed him to sample the 2.5 metres immediately above the forest floor. Unlike many previous workers, he kept very precise notes on exactly where he caught his specimens.

G

The attention to detail paid off. Beccaloni found that the mimicry rings were living at two quite separate altitudes. “Their use of the forest was quite distinctive” he recalls. “For example, most members of the clear-winged mimicry ring would fly close to the forest floor, while the majority of the 12 species in the tiger-winged ring fly high up.” Each mimicry ring had its own characteristic flight height.

H

However, this being practice rather than theory, things were a bit fuzzy. “They’d spend the majority of their time flying at a certain height. But they’d also spend a smaller proportion of their time flying at other heights,” Beccaloni admits. Species weren’t slacked rigidly like passenger jets waiting to land, but they did appear to have a preferred airspace in the forest. So far, so od, but he still hadn’t explained what causes the various groups of ithomiines and their chromatic consorts to fly in formations at these particular heights.

I

Then Beccaloni had a bright idea. “I started looking at the distribution of ithomiine larval food plants within the canopy,” he says. “For each one I’d record the height to which the host plant grew and the height above the ground at which the eggs or larvae were found. Once I t them back to the field station’s lab, it was just a matter of keeping them alive until they pupated and then hatched into adults which I could identify.”

题型难度分析

篇文章有一定的难度，判断正误题和信息匹配题比较多。

题型技巧分析

判断题注意事项：

1. 找出题目中的关键词，好先定位到原文中的一个段落。将题目中的关键词与原文各段落的小标题或每段话的句相对照。有些题目能先定位到原文中的一个段落，这必将大大加快解题时间，并*准确率。但并不是每个题目都能先定位到原文中的一个段落的。

2. 从头到尾*阅读该段落，根据题目中的其它关键词，在原文中找出与题目相关的一句或几句话。确定一个段落后，答案在该段落中的具体位置是未知的。所以，需要从头到尾*阅读该段落，找出该段落中与题目相关的一句话或几句话，通常是一句话。

3. 仔细阅读这一句话或几句话，根据第二大步中的原则和规律，确定正确答案。

4. 要注意顺序性，即题目的顺序和原文的顺序基本一致。

Reading Passage 2

Title

Corporate social responsibility-a new concept of "market"

Question types

Matching information  4题

Multiple choices  9题

文章内容回顾

Questions 1-4 Matching information

1 An action taken to Establishing social responsibility in conservation project--B

2 a description of the conventional way the ads applied to talk to its customers--F

3 A history of a humble origin and expansion--D

4 management practices arc intended to lined up the company's al with participants' prosperity-- E

Questions 5-7 Multiple choices

5-7) What are true about the Ben & Jerry's company management? --CDF

A. There was little difference between the highest salary and the lowest

B. They were advertising their product with powerful internal marketing.

C. They offer the employee complimentary product

D. Employee were encouraged to give services back to the community

E. The products are designed for workers to barter for other ods and services

F. Offered a package of benefits for disable employees

Questions 8-10 Multiple choices

8-10) What are the factors that once contributed to the success for the BODY SHOP? --AEF

A. pioneering the natural-ingredient cosmetics market

B. appealed to primary market mainly of the rich women

C. focused on their lavish ads campaign

D. The company avoided producing the traditional cosmetics products

E. its moral concept that refuses to use animals-tested ingredients

F. its monetary donations to the communities and in developing countries

Questions 11-13 Multiple choices

11-13) What are the factors leading to the later failure for BODY SHOP company? --BCD

A. its philosophy that there is real beauty in everyone is faulty

B. fail to fulfill promises and act like misleading the public

C. faced growing competition

D. its creating demand for something that the customers do not actually need

E. its newer, fresher Brands are not successful in the Market

F. fail to offer cosmetics at lower prices than competitors

相关英文原文阅读

Maybe Ben & Jerry’s and The Body Shop set themselves up for a fall by appearing to have a monopoly on nuking an honest buck. But their struggles are a lesson on how little we know about the minefield of “ethical” marketing.

The Body Shop, along with the American ice cream maker Ben and Jerry’s, was hailed as a new breed of green, or environmentally conscious, business.

Ben and Jerry’s

A

Ben & jerry’s offers a very sweet benefits package to employees. First, every one of the * Ben & Jerry’s workers is entitled to three free pints of ice cream, sorbet or frozen yogurt per day worked. (Some workers even use allotments of their free treats to barter for other ods and services in town such as haircuts). Beyond the freebies, personnel receives a 50% discount on the company’s frozen odies, a 40% discount on merchandise and a further 30% break on non-Ben & Jerry's foods at company outlets.

B

Workers are further entitled to be paid family leave and may take advantage of the Employee Stock Purchase Program to purchase company stock (after six months with the organization) at a 15% discount. Beginning in 1998, 316 stock options are awarded to each worker (excluding directors and officers) and stock is also assigned to each employee's 401K plan at the end of the calendar year. These contributions are intended to achieve the company's al of linked prosperity, i.e. to assure that future prosperity is widely shared by all employees.

C

Other benefits include:

Health insurance, including coverage for well-baby care and mammograms

Life insurance (twice the employee's annual salary)

Dental insurance

Long-term disability plan paying 60% of salary six months after disability for duration of disability

Short-term disability plan paying 60% of salary for six months

Maternity leave with full pay for six weeks after delivery

The Body Shop

D

History of The Body Shop Anita Roddick started The Body Shop with a mere £4,000 and a dream. With over 1,900 stores in 50 countries. The Body Shop was founded in 1976 in Brighton, England. From her original shop, which offered a line of 25 different lotions, creams, and oils, Roddick became the first successful marketer of body care products that combined natural ingredients with ecologically-benign manufacturing processes. Her company’s refusal to test products on animals, along with an insistence on nonexploitative labor practices among suppliers around the world, appealed especially to upscale, mainly middleclass women, who were and have continued to be the company’s primary market. As sales boomed, even the conservative financial markets approved of The Body Shop’s impressive profit picture, and a public stock offering in 1984 was successful. An expansion campaign followed. In 1988 the company entered the U.S. market by opening a store in New York City, and by 1997 the company boasted 1,500 stores, including franchises, in 47 countries. Anti-marketing seemed to be smart marketing, at least as far as The Body Shop was concerned.

E

Part of the secret of The Body Shop’s early success was that it had created a market niche for itself. The company was not directly competing against the traditional cosmetics companies, which marketed their products as fashion accessories designed to cover up flaws and make women look more like the fashion models who appeared in their lavish ads. Instead, The Body Shop offered a line of products that promised benefits other than appearance - healthier skin, for instance - rather than simply a better-looking complexion. The company is known for pioneering the natural-ingredient cosmetic market and establishing social responsibility as an integral part of company operations. The Body Shop is known for its ethical stances, such as its monetary donations to the communities in which it operates, and its business partnerships with developing countries. In 1988 Roddick opened her first store in the United States, and by that time - through various social initiatives such as the “Stop the Bum” campaign to save the Brazilian rainforest (the source of many of the company’s natural ingredients, and strong support of employee volunteerism - The Body Shop name had become synonymous with social activism and global preservation worldwide. The company had also become immensely profitable.

F

By the mid-1990s, however. The Body Shop faced growing competition, forcing it to begin its first major advertising initiative, the most prominent part of which was the “Ruby” campaign. The campaign was personified by Ruby, a doll with Rubenesque proportions who was perched on an antique couch and who looked quite pleased with herself and her plump frame. Randy Williamson, a spokesperson for The Body Shop, said, “Ruby is the fruit of our long-established practice of challenging the way the cosmetic industry talks to women. The Ruby campaign is designed to promote the idea that The Body Shop creates products designed to enhance features, moisturize, cleanse, and polish, not to correct ‘flaws’. The Body Shop philosophy is that there is real beauty in everyone. We are not claiming that our products perform miracles."

G

The Competition the Body Shop lost market share in the late 1990’s to product-savvy competitors that offered similar cosmetics at lower prices. The main competitors are H20, Sephora, Bath and Body Works, and Origins. Research Results Research showed that women appreciate The Body Shop for its ethical standards. They are pleased by companies with green actions, not promises. The research proved that The Body Shop has been put on the back burner in many people’s minds: overcrowded by newer, fresher Brands Companies like the Body Shop continually hype their products through advertising and marketing, often creating a demand for something where a real need for it does not exist. The message pushed is that the route to happiness is through buying more and more of their products. Under such consumerism, the increasing domination of multinationals and their standardised products is leading to global cultural conformity. Other downfall factors also include misleading the public, low pay and against unions, exploiting indigenous people; Also the mass production, packaging and transportation of huge quantities of ods is using up the world's resources faster than they can be renewed and filling the land, sea and air with dangerous pollution and waste.

H

The Problem The Body Shop has used safe and timid advertising over the last decade, decreasing market share and brand value. With the rise of new, more natural and environmentally friendly competitors, The Body Shop can no longer stand behind being the greenest or most natural. The Solution The Body Shop is the originator of ethical beauty with our actions speaking louder than our words. This is the new direction of The Body Shop. We will be a part of different acts of kindness in big cities. We will eliminate unwanted graffiti, purify city air, and give the customer an opportunity to be a part of something od.

题型难度分析

本篇文章题目难度较上一篇有所减少，但还是有一定难度。

题型技巧分析

段落信息匹配，考查的是在原文中寻找特定信息的能力。

段落细节配对一般出现在文章的部分

文章段落数和题目数大多数情况并不一致。

该题型的出题范围是全文

乱序，段落细节配对靠后做，先做顺序原则的细节题

Reading Passage 3

Title

The rainmaker

Question types

TRUE/ FALSE/ NOT GIVEN  5题

Diagram  5题

Summary completion  4题

文章内容回顾

Questions 27-31 TRUE/ FALSE/ NOT GIVEN

27. Paton came up with the idea of making water in desert by pure accident.-- TRUE

28. The bus Paton rode in had poor ventilation because of broken fans. --FALSE

29. Paton woke up from sleep to discover that his towel was wet.--TRUE

30. Paton started his greenhouse project immediately after meeting up with his friend. --NOT GIVEN

31. Paton later opened his own business in the Persian Gulf --FALSE

Questions 32-36 Diagram

32. hot dry air

33. moist

34. heat

35. condenser

36. pure distilled water

Questions 37-40 Summary completion

The greenhouse Paton built is installed with 37.fans to keep the air flowing if the wind stands still, and it is expected in the future to rely on electricity provided solely by 38.solar panels. Despite the high construction costs compared to desalination plants, the plants grown in Paton‘s greenhouse need much less water, and if produced in large quantities, the 39.construction costs could be reduced remarkably. In addition to all these advantages, it is also 40.environmentally-friendly, because it is clean and pollution free.

相关英文原文阅读

Sometimes ideas just pop up out of the blue. Or in Charlie Paton’s case, out of the rain. “I was in a bus in Morocco traveling through the desert,” he remembers. “It had been raining and the bus was full of hot, wet people. The windows steamed up and I went to sleep with a towel against the glass. When I woke, the thing was soaking wet. I had to wring it out. And it set me thinking. Why was it so wet?”

The answer, of course, was condensation. Back home in London, a physicist friend, Philip Davies, explained that the glass, chilled by the rain outside, had cooled the hot humid air inside the bus below its dew point, causing droplets of water to form on the inside of the window. Intrigued, Paton-a lighting engineer by profession-started rigging up his own equipment. “I made my own solar stills. It occurred to me that you might be able to produce water in this way in the desert, simply by cooling the air. I wondered whether you could make enough to irrigate fields and grow crops.”

Today, a decade on, his dream has taken shape as giant greenhouse on a desert off Abu Dhabi in the Persian Gulf-the first commercially viable Version of his seawater greenhouse. Local scientists, working with Paton under a license from his company Light Works, are watering the desert and growing vegetables in what is basically a giant dew-making machine that produces fresh water and cool air from sum and seawater. In awarding Paton first prize in a design competition two years a, Marco ldschmied, president of the Royal Institute of British Architects, called it a truly original idea which has the potential to impact on the lives of millions of people living in coastal water-starved areas around the world.

The design has three main parts (see Graphic). The greenhouse faces into the prevailing wind so that hot, dry desert air blows in through the front wall of perforated cardboard, kept wet and cool by a constant tickle of seawater pumped up from the nearby shoreline. The evaporating seawater cools and moistens the air. Last June, for example, when the temperature outside the Abu Dhabi greenhouse was 46°c, it was in the low 30s inside. While the air outside was dry, the humidity in the greenhouse was 90 percent. The cool, moist air allows the plants to grow faster, and because much less water evaporates from the leaves their demand for moisture drops dramatically. Paton‘s crops thrived on a single litre of water per square metre per day, compared to 8 litres if they were growing outside.

The second feature also cools the air for the plants. Paton has constructed a double-layered roof with an outer layer of clear polythene and an inner, coated layer that reflects infrared light. Visible light can stream through to maximise photosynthesis, while heat from the infrared radiation is trapped in the space between the layer, away from the plants.

At the back of the greenhouse sits the third element, the main water-production unit. Just before entering this unit, the humid air of the greenhouse mixes with hot, dry air from between the two layers of the roof. This means the air can absorb more moisture as it passes through a second moist cardboard wall. Finally, the hot saturated air hits a condenser. This is a metal surface kept cool by still more seawater-the equivalent of the window on Paton‘s Moroccan bus. Drops of pure distilled water from on the condenser and flow into a tank for irrigating the crops.

The greenhouse more or less runs itself. Sensors switch everything on when the sun rises and alter flows of air and seawater through the day in response to changes in temperature, humidity and sunlight. On windless days, fans ensure a constant flow of air through the greenhouse. ‘Once it is tuned to the local environment, you don’t need anyone there for it to work’ says Paton. We can run the entire operation off one 13-amp plug, and in future we could make it entirely independent of the grid, powered from a few solar panels.’

The net effect is to evaporate seawater into hot desert air, then re-condense the moisture as fresh water. At the same time, cool moist air flows through the greenhouse to provide ideal conditions for the crops. The key to the seawater greenhouse’s potential is its unique combination of desalination and air conditioning. By tapping the power of the sun it can cool as efficiently as a 500-kilowatt air conditioner while using less than 3 kilowatts of electricity. In practice, it evaporates 3000 litres of seawater a day and turns it into about 800 litres of fresh water---just enough to irrigate the plants. The rest is lost as water vapour.

Critics point out that construction costs of £25 per square metre mean the water is twice as expensive as water from a conventional desalination plant. But the comparison is misleading, says Paton. The natural air conditioning in the greenhouse massively increases the value of that water. Because the plants need only an eight of the water used by those grown conventionally, the effective cost is only a quarter that of water from a standard desalinator. And costs should plummet when mass production begins, he adds.

Best of all, the greenhouse should be environmentally, friendly. ‘I suppose there might be aesthetic objections to large structures on coastal sites’ says Harris, ‘but it is a clean technology and doesn’t produce pollution or even large quantities of hot water.’

题型难度分析

三篇中简单的文章，有填空，难度较低。

题型技巧分析

对于填空一般把握三个关键信息：逻辑关系词，语法属性，定位。首先，观察空格前后语义间是否有逻辑关系的连接词；其次，预测空格处所填的语法属性；后，根据顺序原则在空格前后找定位关键词回原文定位。

考试趋势分析和备考指导：

本场雅思阅读考试3篇都是旧题；没有句子填空，句子配对；有有序题型也有乱序题型，难度系数比较大。其中判断题出现了2次，填空题出现了2次，建议考生在近的考试中要格外重视这两种题型。